훈민정음 언해본 ② 예의 — 스물여덟 자의 소리를 하나하나 풀다

원문

ㄱᄂᆞᆫ〮牙ᅌᅡᆼᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如ᅀᅧᆼㄷ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮버ᇙ〮셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮並뼈ᇰ〮ᄒᆞ면〮如ᅀᅧᆼ뀨ᇢㅸ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮버ᇙ〮셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮 ㄱᄂᆞᆫ〮엄〯쏘리〮니〮君ㄷ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ니〮ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮쓰〮면〮虯뀨ᇢㅸ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮 ㅋᄂᆞᆫ〮牙ᅌᅡᆼᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如ᅀᅧᆼ쾡〮ㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮버ᇙ〮셔ᇰ니〮라〮 ㅋᄂᆞᆫ〮엄〯쏘리〮니〮快쾡〮ㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮 ㆁᄂᆞᆫ〮牙ᅌᅡᆼᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如ᅀᅧᆼᅌᅥᆸ〮ᄍᆞᆼ〮버ᇙ〮셔ᇰ니〮라〮 ㆁᄂᆞᆫ〮엄〯쏘리〮니〮業ᅌᅥᆸ〮ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮 ㄷᄂᆞᆫ〮舌쎠ᇙ〮ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如ᅀᅧᆼ두ᇢㅸ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮버ᇙ〮셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮並버ᇙ〮ᄒᆞ면〮如ᅀᅧᆼㅂ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮버ᇙ〮셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮 ㄷᄂᆞᆫ〮혀〮쏘리〮니〮斗두ᇢㅸ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ니〮ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮쓰〮면〮覃ㅂ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮 ㅌᄂᆞᆫ〮舌쎠ᇙ〮ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如ᅀᅧᆼᄐᆞᆫㄷ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮버ᇙ〮셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮 ㅌᄂᆞᆫ〮혀〮쏘리〮니〮呑ᄐᆞᆫㄷ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮 ㄴᄂᆞᆫ〮舌쎠ᇙ〮ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如ᅀᅧᆼㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮버ᇙ〮셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮 ㄴᄂᆞᆫ〮혀〮쏘리〮니〮那ㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮入ᅀᅵᆸ〮聲셔ᇰ은〮ᄲᆞᆯ리〮긋ᄃᆞᆮᄂᆞᆫ소리〮라〮漢한〮音ᅙᅳᆷ齒칭〯聲셔ᇰ은〮有ᅌᅮᇢ〯齒칭〯頭뚜ᇢ正져ᇰ〮齒칭〯之징別벼ᇙ〮ᄒᆞ니〮漢한〮音ᅙᅳᆷ은〮中듀ᇰ國귁〮소리〮라〮頭뚜ᇢ는〮머리〮라〮别벼ᇙ〮은〮ᄀᆞᆯᄒᆡᆯ〮씨〮라〮中國귁〮소리〮예〮니〮쏘리〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮齒칭〯頭뚜ᇢ와〮正져ᇰ〮齒칭〯왜〮ᄀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮요미〮잇ᄂᆞ니〮

언해본 예의(例義) 부분 발췌. 원문은 초성 열일곱 자와 중성 열한 자 전체를 이와 같은 형식(한문 규정→한글 풀이)으로 하나하나 풀이하지만, 분량상 어금닛소리(牙音) 세 자와 혓소리(舌音) 세 자, 그리고 입성·중국음 치음 관련 대목만 발췌했다. 나머지 자모의 완전한 규정은 해례본 시리즈 1편(어제서문과 예의)에서 한문 원문과 직역으로 전체를 확인할 수 있다.

풀이

ㄱ은 어금닛소리니, 군(君)자 처음 펴아 나는 소리 같으니, 나란히 쓰면 규(虯)자 처음 펴아 나는 소리 같으니라.

ㅋ은 어금닛소리니, 쾌(快)자 처음 펴아 나는 소리 같으니라.

ㆁ은 어금닛소리니, 업(業)자 처음 펴아 나는 소리 같으니라.

ㄷ은 혓소리니, 두(斗)자 처음 펴아 나는 소리 같으니, 나란히 쓰면 담(覃)자 처음 펴아 나는 소리 같으니라.

ㅌ은 혓소리니, 탄(呑)자 처음 펴아 나는 소리 같으니라.

ㄴ은 혓소리니, 나(那)자 처음 펴아 나는 소리 같으니라.

입성은 빨리 끝닫는 소리라.

중국 소리의 잇소리는 치두(齒頭)와 정치(正齒)의 구별이 있으니, 우리나라 소리에서는 잇소리가 치두와 정치의 가림이 있느니라.

The original

An excerpt from the Rules section of the Eonhaebon. The original works through all seventeen initial consonants and eleven medials in this same format — the classical Chinese rule, then the Korean explanation — but only the three velar consonants, the three lingual consonants, and the passages on the checked tone and on Chinese sibilants are given here. The complete set of rules for every letter can be read, in the original and in translation, in the first entry of the Haeryebon series.

In English

ㄱ is a molar sound. It is like the sound that first issues in the character 君 (gun). Written doubled, it is like the sound that first issues in 虯 (gyu).

ㅋ is a molar sound. It is like the sound that first issues in 快 (kwae).

ㆁ is a molar sound. It is like the sound that first issues in 業 (eop).

ㄷ is a lingual sound. It is like the sound that first issues in 斗 (du). Written doubled, it is like the sound that first issues in 覃 (dam).

ㅌ is a lingual sound. It is like the sound that first issues in 呑 (tan).

ㄴ is a lingual sound. It is like the sound that first issues in 那 (na).

The checked tone is a sound that stops off quickly.

Among Chinese sounds, the dental sounds are distinguished into head-of-the-teeth and upright-teeth types; in the sounds of our country there is likewise a distinction between the two.

[On the text] Two things are worth noticing here. First, the method of definition: each letter is fixed not by an abstract description but by pointing to a familiar Chinese character and saying, the sound that starts this word. That is a practical solution to the problem of describing a sound in writing before phonetic notation existed — you anchor it to something the reader already pronounces. Second, the categories are articulatory. Molar sounds, lingual sounds, labial, dental, guttural: the letters are sorted by where in the mouth they are produced, and the shapes of the letters themselves follow those same organs. The classification is not borrowed decoration; it is the design principle.

훈민정음 언해본 ② 예의 — 스물여덟 자의 소리를 하나하나 풀다Eonhae ② The Rules — the sound of each of the twenty-eight letters, spelled out

원문

풀이

The original

In English